Analysis of Looking Backward 20001887 essays

Analysis of Looking Backward 20001887 essays Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward: 2000-1887 was an attempt to show Americans who desired the utopian sense of community what it could truly be. Looking Backward addressed the yearnings of a society stricken by economic panics and social collapse by proposing an Eden-like community in which war, hunger, greed and malice were eradicated from society. While the story followed the wonderment of Julian West as he awoke in a Boston of 2000 AD after 113 years of sleep, the text focused on Bellamy's description through the kindly and omniscient character, Dr. Leete of a "post-revolutionary" society which emancipated the individual from the horrors of capitalism. As the story progresses, it becomes obvious that Bellamy is simply trying to suggest ways in which to improve his own society at the time whether it be politics or business practices. The first thing Julian inquires about his the problem of labor strikes, something very prominent in his time due to the newly formed labor unions. The National Labor Union (NLU) hailed the virtues of a simpler America, when workers controlled their workday, earned a decent living, and had time to be good citizens (Davidson, Nation of Nations, 626). Dr. Leete explains that with generous capital, any worker with a decent idea can become his own boss and the need for unions and strikes desisted. This was something that had begun occurring already in Bellamys time, as had monopolies. This was the second step in the eradication of strikes as companies began to aggregate and form large syndicates. Finally, the largest syndicate of all, the government took over all industry. When it was proposed that the nation should assume their functions (corporations), the suggestions implied nothing impractical even to the timid (Bellamy, Looking Backward, 67). With this in mind, Julian asks who the enemies of the government are, whether they are other nations or natural ills. Dr. L ...

Lab Report APA Format Essays

Lab Report APA Format Essays Lab Report APA Format Paper Lab Report APA Format Paper The purpose is also sometimes written as a separate section from the introduction. Theory (or Background pertaining to the experiment). This can include information from previous research, explanations of theories, methods or equations used, etc. ; for the example above, you might want to explain the theory behind acid/ base titration and a brief description of the setup and process you will use in the experiment. If research is done for this section, be sure to cite any sources used according to the instructors preference. Be careful to include only the information that a reader would need to know in order to understand the purpose and methods; the report should still be as straightforward as possible. In addition to the purpose and background information, the instructor may also ask students to provide the following items in the introduction section: A hypothesis What is expected to happen in the experiment based on background information. 4 Safety Information This is especially useful in chemistry classes, where toxic or flammable chemicals are often used. Regardless of the specific information required from the instructor, the main Ochs of the introduction should be on helping the reader to understand the purpose, methods, and reasons these particular methods are being used. Method Materials This is usually a simple listing of the equipment used in the form of a billeted list, but it should be complete and accurate. Graphics of more complex setups may also be included if they would be helpful. Procedure This section includes the process of the experiment exactly as it was done in the laboratory. Usually the procedure is written out in paragraph form, but it may also be written out step-by-step in the form of a numbered list. Some instructors allow a citation to the lab manual for this section (Ex: aha process in the laboratory manual for BIO 102 was used. ); however, if the lab manual is cited, any changes made to that procedure should be noted. There should not be any results (things that happened when the procedure was being carried out) included in this section; only include the procedures carried out. A good rule of thumb for writing complete but concise experimental procedures is to include enough information so that others who read the report would be able to duplicate the experiment at a later date. 5 Results This section contains all the results of the experiment, including the tables and figures. The key to making tables and figures effective is to refer to and explain each one in the body of the paper. Organized the graphs or tables in the Appendix. Important results in verbal form. For the main results that will be expanded upon in the discussion section, use complete sentences (i. E. The percentage of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated to be 4. 982 %). This will help the key results to stand out from all the calculations, tables, and figures that normally dominate the results section. Calculations. Usually, only a sample of each calculation is needed. For example, if the percentage of acetic acid in 10 samples of vinegar has to be calculated and then averaged, write out the calculation for only one of them, then mention that the calculation was repeated for 10 samples and give the average of all 10. Correct significant figures should be used in all . Make sure units (CM. Ml, etc. ) are included in all calculations, and that major results of each calculation stand out from the rest of the numbers. Discussion The discussion section is the most important part of the report. This is the section where the results are explained, and a student can show the instructor that he or she has a thorough understanding of the concept of the experiment and the results obtained. The main question to be addressed in this section is What is the significance of the results? Here are some strategies to help focus your discussion: Compare expected results with actual results. If the experiment 6 did not turn out exactly as expected, think about why the results might have been different and try to explain why you got the results you did. Analyze experimental error. There is a degree of error in every experiment, so every lab report should mention potential causes of error. Be specific about what caused the error. Was it due to the equipment? Impurity of the sample? Errors in calculations? Explain how the methods could be improved. Once you have decided what might have caused error, you should explain how the error might have been avoided. How could the setup be made more effective? Should you have been more careful with measurements? How could contamination have been prevented more effectively? Should more precise equipment be used? Explain the results in terms of the purpose. If the original purpose of the experiment was achieved, explain how the results show that the purpose was accomplished. For example, if the purpose was to determine the percentage of acetic acid in vinegar, you could research the real percentage of acetic acid in most commercial vinegars and compare that to the calculated result from the experiment. A small difference would indicate that the percentage calculated was very close to the actual percentage and the purpose was accomplished. If the purpose was not achieved, prove this by the results in a similar fashion. Relate the results to those of other, similar experiments. Depending on the nature of the experiment and the instructors preferences, you may want to compare your results to those of the rest of the class. If your results were similar to the others, this can be an indication that they were reasonably accurate. If they were very different, explain why they may have been different. Conclusion This section includes only one or two sentences that summarize definitive conclusions from the results. Here is an example of a conclusion for the acetic acid experiment used in earlier examples: 7 From a comparison of the results of the experimental calculations with the aroma value for percent acetic acid in vinegar, it can be concluded that the percentage of acetic acid in the sample used in this experiment was about 4. 982%.

Limitations in Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Limitations in Risk Assessment - Essay Example basis of limited information on chemical contamination and assumptions about the population. Exposure assessments should not be based on a hypothetical maximally exposed individual (MEI). Screening risk assessments should rely on more representative estimates. Risk-management decisions should be based on refined exposure assessments that evaluate the distribution of a population's varied exposures and should address explicitly for any segments of the population that have unusually high exposures. Whenever possible, measurements should be obtained to support or validate any generic values used in exposure assessments, to check modeling results, or to provide more- realistic estimates of exposure than can be obtained with models. Such measurements might include collecting data at locations where exposures are anticipated, monitoring the exposures experienced by individuals, collecting data on the physical and chemical conditions that affect the movement and availability of chemicals, and providing information that relates exposure to effects, possibly using biologic markers. Measurements of exposure can be very different from estimated exposures based on source characteristics "(Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Regulatory Decision- Making, 28) There are two broad types of mathematical models used in exposure assessment: those that predict exposure to the agent, and those that predict the concentration of the agent. Exposure models can be used to estimate the exposures of populations based on small numbers of representative measurements. Models that predict concentration can be combined with information on human time-activity patterns to estimate exposures. Modeling may be done on long-term and short-term exposures, both of...) http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/hbsp/hbr/articles/article.jspml_action=get-article&articleID=96203&ml_page=1&ml_subscriber=true Bernard Goldstein, Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and Chairman, Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ